This chapter gives an overview of the development of sound, the practical and theoretical problems of introducing sound into film, and ways in which filmmakers use sound. Early sound films raised several issues. Even when the technological problems were solved, some directors remained hostile to synchronous sound. Other directors found various ways of using nonsynchronous sound. Americans dominate the musical. Realistic directors favor incorporating music into dramatic situations, but formalist directors favor stylized presentations. Spoken language offers a range of possibilities, including off-screen narration and interior monologues.

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Student	Page Assignment
Lourenz B. Nathan E. Anthony C. Kristal H. Fonda J. Bianca M. Laura P. Jason T. Justina W. Elizabeth Z. Jamie A. Katrina B. Carlos M. Scott N. Ghassan S. Jessica Y. Andrew Y.	218-219 220-221 222-223 224-225 226-227 228-229 230-231 232-233 234-235 236-237 238-239 240-241 242-243 244-245 246-247 248-249 250-251